1.  What kinds of molecules does the cell membrane contain? 

How are these molecules arranged in the membrane?

What is the fluid mosaic model which describes the membrane?

2.  What is the function of the cell’s nucleus?   What type of cells don’t have a nucleus? (prokaryotes) What type of membrane does the nucleus have?

3.  What is the cytoplasm?  What does it contain?

4.  What is the cell theory?  What are its 4 components?  How is it that cells once arose spontaneously but no longer do?

5.  How big is a micrometer?  How big are cells?

6.  What is the resolving power of the human eye?  What type of a microscope is used to see living cells?  How much can they improve the naked eye?  What are transmission electron microscopes?  Are they used to see living cells?  How much can they increase the resolving power over that of the unaided eye?  What are Scanning electron microscopes?  Do they increase the resolving power as much as transmission electron microscopes?  Why would you use them?

7.  What is the significance of surface area:volume?

     Which is more efficient, a large or small surface area: volume ratio?  Which would have a better surface area: volume ratio, 1 four cm cube or 64 one cm cubes?

8.  What are the characteristics of bacteria?

9.  What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

10.   The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane.  What does this term mean?  How do materials get in and out of the nucleus?  What is the nucleolus-what is its function?

11.  What is a chromosome?  What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?  What are histones?

12.  Endoplasmic reticulum:  Describe this organelle.  Be able to differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER (how do they appear and what are their functions).  What is a signal sequence?

13.  Golgi complex: what do they look like?  What are their       functions? About how many golgi do animal cells have?

14.  Lysosomes and peroxisomes: describe them and know their functions

15.  Ribosomes: what are they made of and what is their function?

16.  Mitochondria:  What type of membranes do they have (double membranes)?  What is the function of mitochondria?  Be able to recognize one.  Do they contain DNA?  What shape is their DNA?

17.  What are chloroplasts?  What types of organisms have them?  Do they have DNA?  How many sets of membranes do they have?

18.  What are centrioles?  What role do they play in cell division?

(Actually-we don’t really know, the microtubules of the spindle apparatus are arranged around them, but it appears even if the centriole is removed).

19.  Be able to recognize the cell organelles in a drawing.

20.  Know the “flow” of proteins from the rough ER to the golgi to secretion vesicles and lysosomes to the cell membrane.  What happens at each step along the pathway?

21.  What is the endosymbiotic theory?  What is endosymbiosis?

            What supports endosymbiotic theory?What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? 

            What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

22.  Cells move using either actin or flagella.  How do these  2 systems of movement work? 

23.  Be able to differentiate between cilia and flagella.  What is their structure (microtubule arrangement)?  Remember-they are covered by a membrane.

24.  What is a basal body?

Chapter 6:  Membranes

1.  Describe the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes.  What is meant by fluid?

2.  What are the components of the cell membrane?

3.  What parts of the phospholipids are hydrophobic?  What parts are hydrophilic?

     What are the roles of proteins in the cell membrane?

4.  The cytoplasmic membrane is selectively permeable.  What does this mean?

5.  What is diffusion?  What is a concentration gradient?

     Which direction is diffusion (down a concentration gradient)?  Remember-the greater the

      concentration gradient the faster the diffusion.  Also-diffusion is most efficient over short distances.

6.  How do cells maintain concentration gradients?

7.  What are ion channels?  What does saturation mean?  What is facilitated diffusion?  What are the

       three characteristics of facilitated diffusion?

8.  What is water potential?  Which direction do water molecules move relative to the water potential?

9.   How do solutes affect water concentration?  Which direction does water move relative to solute and water concentration?

10.   Osmosis-what is it?  What happens to the water when a cell is placed in a hypotonic, isotonic or

         hypertonic solution?  How does this affect the cell?

11.  What is extrusion?  What type of organisms employ it?

12.   What is turgor pressure?  How do some organisms use it?

13.  What is vesicle-mediated transport?  (Bulk passage using a vesicle)

14.  What is endocytosis?

       What is phagocytosis?

       What is pinocytosis?

       What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

15.   What is exocytosis?

16.   Explain active transport.  How does facilitated diffusion and active trasnport differ from each other (think concentration gradients and ATP)?

17.  What is cotransport? What is countertransport?

Chapter 7: Cell-Cell Interactions

1. What types of molecules act as chemical messengers?

2. What are some different types of cell signaling?

3. Compare signaling mechanisms for intracellular receptors to plasma membrane receptors.

4. What are receptors?  What are some characteristics of receptors? What are their functions in addition to binding messenger?

5. What is a G protein and how does it function?

5. What are some second messengers? What is the importance of calcium ions and cAMP?

6. What benefit does a kinase cascade have?

7. How are cells held together in a tissue? Describe the structure of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Chapter 8:  Energy and Metabolism

1.  What is the source of all energy on earth?

2.   What is oxidation?  What is reduction?

      Why do redox reactions always occur together?

3.   What does a reduced organic compound look like? (it generally has a number of hydrogens because

       electrons often travel with protons) 

4.   Are the carbons reduced or oxidized when glucose is converted to carbon dioxide?  How about in

      photosynthesis when carbon dioxide is converted to glucose?

5.   What are the generalized formulas for aerobic respiration (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂  ---> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy)   

            and for photosynthesis ( CO₂ + 12 H₂O + energy ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O + 6 O₂)

6.   Electrons moving to lower energy levels release or require energy?  How about electrons moving to

      higher energy levels?

7.   What is the first law of thermodynamics? 

8.  What is the second law of thermodynamics?  What is an exergonic reaction and what is an

      endergonic reaction?  Which occurs spontaneously and which requires an input of energy?

     What is an exothermic reaction and what is an endothermic reaction?

9.   What is entropy?  Which has more energy-order or disorder?

10.  What is activation energy?  How do catalysts affect the activation energy of a reaction?

11.  What is an enzyme?  What is its effect on the activation energy?

       Would metabolic reactions occur without enzymes? 

12.  What is an active site?  Is it specific for a substrate?  How is it made specific for a substrate?

            (charges and hydrophobicity)

13.   What are multienzyme complexes?

14.  Are enzymes permanently altered by a reaction?  How do they       catalyze reactions (often bring

        substrates into proper orientation)

15.  What factors affect enzyme activity?

16.  What are inhibitors and activators?  In what way do they change the rate of a reaction?

17.  What are coenzymes?  What do they do? Which is the oxidized form of NAD⁺/NADH? 

Which is  the reduced form?

18.  What is metabolism?  Why are there metabolic pathways with lots of steps?

19.  What role does ATP play in your cells? 

What does ATP consist of (ribose + adenine + 3 phosphates)?

20.  Know: ATP ----> ADP + P_i + energy   and   ADP + P_i + energy ---> ATP

            What do these 2 equations mean?

21.  What is a biochemical pathway?  Why does metabolism typically occur using metabolic pathways instead of a single reaction?  Be able to model a biochemical/metabolic pathway using the generic terms: substrate, intermediate 1, intermediate 2…, enzyme 1, enzyme 2… and end product.